Schizophrenia is a chronic, debilitating mental illness that has not yet been completely understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, on the positive- and negative-like symptoms of schizophrenia. We also explored whether these effects are related to changes in the immunoreactivity of GAD67, TH, and PPAR-γ in brain structures. To conduct the study, male mice received ketamine (20-40 mg/kg) or its vehicle (0.9 % NaCl) intraperitoneally for 14 consecutive days. We quantified stereotyped behavior, the time of immobility in the forced swimming test (FST), and locomotor activity after 7 or 14 days. In addition, we performed ex vivo analysis of the immunoreactivity of GAD, TH, and PPAR-γ, in brain tissues after 14 days. The results showed that ketamine administration for 14 days increased the grooming time in the nose region at all tested doses. It also increased immobility in the FST at 30 mg/kg doses and decreased the number of rearing cycles during stereotyped behavior at 40 mg/kg. These behavioral effects were not associated with changes in locomotor activity. We did not observe any significant alterations regarding the immunoreactivity of brain proteins. However, we found that GAD and TH were positively correlated with the number of rearing during the stereotyped behavior at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg ketamine, respectively. GAD was positively correlated with the number of rearing in the open field test at a dose of 20 mg/kg. TH was inversely correlated with immobility time in the FST at a dose of 30 mg/kg. PPAR-γ was inversely correlated with the number of bouts of stereotyped behavior at a dose of 40 mg/kg of ketamine. In conclusion, the behavioral alterations induced by ketamine in positive-like symptoms were reproduced with all doses tested and appear to depend on the modulatory effects of TH, GAD, and PPAR-γ. Conversely, negative-like symptoms were associated with a specific dose of ketamine.
Ketamine , Schizophrenia , Mice , Male , Animals , Ketamine/adverse effects , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Schizophrenia/chemically induced , PPAR gamma/metabolism , Correlation of Data , Swimming , Behavior, Animal
This study evaluated the effect of (+)-catechin, a polyphenolic compound, on orofacial dyskinesia (OD) induced by reserpine in mice. The potential modulation of monoaminoxidase (MAO) activity, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) immunoreactivity by catechin were used as biochemical endpoints. The interaction of catechin with MAO-A and MAO-B was determined in vitro and in silico. The effects of catechin on OD induced by reserpine (1 mg/kg for 4 days, subcutaneously) in male Swiss mice were examined. After, catechin (10, 50 or 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or its vehicle were given for another 20 days. On the 6th, 8th, 15th and 26th day, vacuous chewing movements (VCMs) and locomotor activity were quantified. Biochemical markers (MAO activity, TH and GAD67 immunoreactivity) were evaluated in brain structures. In vitro, catechin inhibited both MAO isoforms at concentrations of 0.34 and 1.03 mM being completely reversible for MAO-A and partially reversible for MAO-B. Molecular docking indicated that the catechin bound in the active site of MAO-A, while in the MAO-B it interacted with the surface of the enzyme in an allosteric site. In vivo, reserpine increased the VCMs and decreased the locomotor activity. Catechin (10 mg/kg), decreased the number of VCMs in the 8th day in mice pre-treated with reserpine without altering other behavioral response. Ex vivo, the MAO activity and TH and GAD67 immunoreactivity were not altered by the treatments. Catechin demonstrated a modest and transitory protective effect in a model of OD in mice.
Catechin/therapeutic use , Dyskinesias/drug therapy , Dyskinesias/metabolism , Mastication/drug effects , Motor Activity/drug effects , Reserpine/toxicity , Animals , Antipsychotic Agents/toxicity , Catechin/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Male , Mastication/physiology , Mice , Molecular Docking Simulation/methods , Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Motor Activity/physiology , Protein Structure, Secondary , Treatment Outcome
The research was conducted in 27 Brazilian courts of law. We aimed to know the legal demands on health and the arguments made by the patient, the defense, and the judge in judicial hearings. For this, we used the method of case law research. The research unit was Brazilian judicial processes with the material object of health demands, decided between 2012 and 2013. The results showed reliance on constitutional arguments for both the request and the decision, while the defense was based on diverse and obsolete legal points. It was concluded that judges have decided questions about health using purely legal arguments and reproducing points made by the patient. The defense of the Brazilian health system is fragile due to the lack of an adequate legal rationale.
A pesquisa foi realizada nos tribunais de justiça brasileiros e teve como objetivo conhecer as demandas judiciais sobre saúde e discursos do paciente, da defesa e do juiz da causa. Para isso utilizou-se o método da pesquisa jurisprudencial, levantando-se nos 27 tribunais brasileiros os processos cujo objeto material fosse demandas sobre saúde, decididos em 2012 e 2013. Os resultados demonstraram uma manutenção nos argumentos constitucionais para a solicitação e para a decisão, enquanto que a defesa do sistema de saúde tem elegido a teses jurídicas dispersas e obsoletas. Concluiu-se que os juízes têm decidido questões sobre saúde utilizando-se de argumentos meramente jurídicos e repetidos do paciente. A defesa do sistema de saúde brasileiro é frágil em função dos inócuos argumentos trazidos para os autos.
La investigación ha sido realizada en los tribunales de justicia y en el juicio de la causa. Para este tipo de uso de la investigación de jurisprudencia, fueran consultados nos 27 tribunales brasileiros los procesos sobre salud, con sentencia en los años 2012 y 2013. Los resultados demuestran los argumentos constitucionales para las solicitudes de pacientes. Para una decisión, han elegido las teses jurídicas dispersas y ultrapasadas. Los juicios han decidido sobre la salud utilizándose de argumentos judiciales y repetidos del paciente. La defensa del sistema de salud brasileño es frágil en la función de los argumentos de los abogados públicos
O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os vasos responsáveis pela irrigação do nó atrioventricular (NAV) e do tronco do fascículo atrioventricular (TFAV) em corações de bovinos da raça Nelore. Utilizou-se para tanto, 30 corações de bovinos fêmeas entre 35 e 48 meses de idade. Estes foram fixados em solução aquosa de formol a 15%. Para melhor visualização de seus ramos, as artérias coronárias direita e esquerda foram injetadas com solução corada de Neoprene látex 450. Por meio de criteriosa dissecação da região ocupada pelos respectivos componentes do sistema excitocondutor cardíaco, constatou-se que o nó atrioventricular é irrigado por colaterais provenientes do ramo ventricular direito, ramo atrial direito proximal, ramo atrial esquerdo proximal, ramo atrial esquerdo distal e ramo septal. Destes, o ramo ventricular direito é o mais freqüente, contribuindo com colaterais para o NAV em 96,66% dos corações estudados. O tronco do fascículo atrioventricular é irrigado por colaterais oriundos do ramo septal, ramo ventricular direito, ramo atrial proximal direito e ramo septal interventricular. O ramo septal foi o mais presente, irrigando o TFAV em 83,33% dos corações estudados.
The aim of this study was to identify the vessels responsible for the blood supply of the atrioventricular node and trunk of the atrioventricular fascicle in Nelore female bovine hearts. With this purpose, it was used 30 hearts taken from adult female bovine hearts of the Nelore race aged between 35 and 48 months. The hearts were fixed in a 15% formol aqueous solution. Both coronaries were injected with dyed Neoprene latex 450. Thought careful dissection of the region occupied by the respective components of the cardiac conducting system, it was observed that the atrioventricular node was supplied by collaterals of the right ventricular branch, right proximal atrial branch, left proximal atrial branch and septal branch. Of these, the right ventricular branch was the most frequent, supplying the atrioventricular node in 96,66% of the studied hearts. The trunk of the atrioventricular fascicle was supplied by collaterals of the septal branch, right ventricular branch, right proximal atrial branch and interventricular septal branch. Of these, the septal branch was the most frequent, supplying de trunk of the atrioventricular fascicle in 83,33% of studied hearts.
Animals , Female , Cattle , Atrioventricular Node , Bundle of His , Cattle , Coronary Vessels , Sinoatrial Node
O controle do Diabetes mellitus nos serviços básicos é fundamental em virtude de sua magnitude crescente, transcendência e complexa vulnerabilidade. Este estudo descritivo, objetivou caracterizar os portadores de Diabetes mellitus e as ações de controle a eles dirigidas em uma unidade básica de saúde de Campinas, SP. Os dados de pesquisa foram obtidos em entrevistas com integrantes da equipe e consultas a registros disponíveis. O serviço realiza ações essencialmente dirigidas ao atendimento clínico individual não-sistemático, com participação de agentes comunitários, auxiliares de enfermagem, enfermeiras e médicos. O encaminhamento a grupos educativos e a participação dos usuários é realizada de forma não-sistemática. A equipe não segue protocolo comum de tratamento da doença e não mantém banco de dados que lhe permita avaliar, no plano individual ou coletivo, o impacto das ações de controle desenvolvidas. Os registros em prontuário são insuficientes do ponto de vista qualitativo e quantitativo
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus , Delivery of Health Care , Health Services
